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Link back to the text of the associated Eco-Economy Update
World Ethanol Production, 2004 |
| Country |
Million Gallons |
|
|
| Brazil |
3,989 |
| United States |
3,535 |
| China |
964 |
| India |
462 |
| France |
219 |
| Russia |
198 |
| South Africa |
110 |
| United Kingdom |
106 |
| Saudi Arabia |
79 |
| Spain |
79 |
| Thailand |
74 |
| Germany |
71 |
| Ukraine |
66 |
| Canada |
61 |
| Poland |
53 |
| Indonesia |
44 |
| Argentina |
42 |
| Italy |
40 |
| Australia |
33 |
| Japan |
31 |
| Pakistan |
26 |
| Sweden |
26 |
| Philippines |
22 |
| South Korea |
22 |
| Guatemala |
17 |
| Cuba |
16 |
| Ecuador |
12 |
| Mexico |
9 |
| Nicaragua |
8 |
| Mauritius |
6 |
| Zimbabwe |
6 |
| Kenya |
3 |
| Swaziland |
3 |
| Others |
338 |
|
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| Total |
10,770 |
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| Source: F.O. Licht, cited in Renewable Fuels Association, Homegrown for the Homeland: Industry Outlook 2005, (Washington, DC: 2005), p. 14. |
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| Location |
Feedstock |
Ethanol Production |
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| SOUTH AMERICA |
|
| Brazil |
Sugarcane |
The Brazilian government launched its National Fuel Alcohol Program in the mid-1970s, and by 1980 ethanol use had overtook gasoline. Since price liberalization in 1999, ethanol has maintained prices a third lower than gasoline. Brazil is the world's leading ethanol producer and exporter, distilling nearly 4 billion gallons in 2004. |
| Peru |
Sugarcane |
In 2002 Peru announced the "Mega-Project," a plan to build up to 20 distilleries and an ethanol pipeline from the interior to the port of Bajovar. Up to 600,000 acres of sugarcane will be planted in forest areas now used for coca leaf production. The government hopes to export 300 million gallons of ethanol by 2010. |
| Colombia |
Sugarcane |
From 2006 the use of 10 percent ethanol in fuel will be mandated in cities with populations over 500,000, requiring the cultivation of an additional 370,000 acres of sugar cane and nine new ethanol plants to produce the necessary 260 million gallons a year. |
| Central America |
Sugarcane |
El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua and Costa Rica project total output to reach 132 million gallons by 2010, enough to allow for a 10 percent ethanol blend in gasoline. Costa Rica, Jamaica and El Salvador export ethanol fuel blends to the United States duty-free under the Caribbean Basin Economic Recovery Act, and are looking to increase exports. |
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| NORTH AMERICA |
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| United States |
Corn |
In 2004, 35 million tons of corn (12 percent of the U.S. corn crop) were used to produce 3.4 billion gallons of ethanol. Capacity is expected to top 4.4 billion by late 2005 as 16 new plants come on line. Currently there are 81 plants ranging in size from 1 to 300 million gallons annual capacity, half of which are farmer-owned. |
| Canada |
Corn, wheat, barley |
Canada produced 61 million gallons of ethanol in 2004. To meet Kyoto Protocol commitments, the country aims to replace 35 percent of its gasoline use with E10 blends, requiring production of 350 million gallons of ethanol. 7 new plants with total capacity of 200 million gallons are planned under the Ethanol Expansion Program. Ontario, Saskatchewan, and Manitoba are already promoting ethanol through production subsidies, tax breaks, and blending requirements. |
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| ASIA / OCEANIA |
|
| China |
Corn, wheat |
China is the third largest ethanol producer, with 964 million gallons in 2004. Since 2001, China has promoted ethanol-based fuel on a pilot basis in five cities in its central and northeastern regions (Zhengzhou, Luoyang and Nanyang in Henan and Harbin and Zhaodong in Heilongjiang province). The Jilin Tianhe Ethanol Distillery, the largest in the world, is producing 240 million gallons per year, and has a potential final capacity of 320 million gallons per year. |
| India |
Sugarcane |
Since 2003, India's government has mandated use of E5 in nine states and enacted an excise duty exemption for ethanol. Sugar producers are planning to build 20 new ethanol plants in addition to 10 existing plants, with most located in Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra and Tamil Nadu. Estimated annual ethanol needs for an E5 blend is 98 million gallons, against actual production of 462 million gallons in 2004 and total capacity of 713 million gallons per year. |
| Thailand |
Cassava, sugarcane, rice |
Thailand has mandated a 10 percent ethanol mix starting in 2007, which would boost production from 74 million gallons in 2004 to 396 million gallons. 18 new ethanol plants are being developed, and producers will enjoy several tax breaks. The government calculates an E10 blend would be $0.04-0.08 cheaper per gallon than conventional gasoline. |
| Australia |
Grains, sugarcane, sweet sorghum |
The Australian government has supported ethanol since 2000 with a range of tax exemptions and production subsidies, aiming to produce 92 million gallons of biofuel by 2010, enough to replace one percent of total fuel supply. 2004 production stood at 33 million gallons. |
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| EUROPE |
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| EU |
Grains, sugar beet |
A non-binding directive by the European Commission asks EU countries to meet 2 percent of vehicle fuel demand with biofuels by the end of 2005 and 5.75 percent by 2010. In practice, it is only likely to reach 1.5 percent by the end of 2005, up from 0.2 percent in 2000 and 0.6 percent in 2003. Assuming 3.4 billion gallons of ethanol were produced, some 12.6 million acres of grain and 1.5 million acres of sugar beet would be required. Member states may also exempt biofuels from the tax on petroleum products. |
| France |
Sugarbeet, wheat, corn |
France leads the European Union, with ethanol production jumping from 23.4 million gallons in 2003 to 219 million gallons in 2004, and plans to add another 97 million gallons by 2008. |
| Germany |
Rye, wheat |
2004 production stood at 71 million gallons. Three new distilleries should bring domestic capacity to nearly 150 million gallons annually, requiring an additional 1.4 million tons of rye and wheat in 2005 - 3 percent of Germany's 2004 grain crop. |
| Spain |
Wheat, barley |
In 2004, ethanol production stood at 79 million gallons, up from 55 million gallons in 2003. Total Spanish capacity has been estimated at about 132 million gallons per year. |
| Sweden |
Wheat |
E5 blends have been in wide use since 2003 and E85 is now available at some fifty service stations. Ethanol production reached 26 million gallons in 2004, up from 15.8 million gallons in 2003, and Sweden now imports ethanol from Brazil and Spain. |
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| AFRICA |
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| South Africa |
Corn, sugarcane |
South Africa's state gas company is a leading producer of synthetic ethanol from coal, but the country is now moving toward crop-based ethanol production. Total ethanol production in 2004 was 110 million gallons. 8 new plants are may be built by the end of 2006, enough to produce 320 million gallons of ethanol. |
| Zimbabwe |
Sugarcane |
Most gasoline sold in Zimbabwe for the past 20 years has contained 12-15 percent ethanol. Production capacity has exceeded 10 million gallons since 1983, though actual production stood at only 6 million gallons in 2004. |
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| Conversions: 1 gallon = 3.785 liters; 1 acre = .4047 hectares; tons used here are metric tons. |
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| Source: Compiled by Earth Policy Institute from Renewable Fuels Association, Homegrown for the Homeland: Ethanol Industry Outlook 2005 (Washington, DC: 2005), pp. 8-10, 14; Christoph Berg, World Fuel Ethanol Analysis and Outlook (Ratzeburg, Germany: F.O. Licht, April 2004);
Stephane His, “Biofuels Worldwide,” technical report, Panorama 2005: Energy, Transport, Environment (Paris: Institute Francais de Petrol, 25 November 2004); Hosein Shapouri, “Biofuel Production: Implications for Grain Industry and Consumers,” presentation, Agricultural Outlook Forum 2005, 24 February 2005; Molly Aeck, “Biofuel Use Growing Rapidly,” in Vital Signs 2005 (Washington, DC: Worldwatch Institute, 2005), p. 38; Melissa Alexander, "Coarse Grains," World Grain, January 2005; Lucy Hornby, “Asia Pushes Ahead on Biofuel, Despite Cost,” Reuters, 28 February 2005; “Maize for alcohol production to top 8.9 million tons in 2005/06,” Xinhua, 16 May 2005; David Cullen, “EU Says Won’t Meet 2 Percent Biofuel Target This Year,” Reuters, 3 March 2005; "France Unveils Biofuel Plan to Meet EU 2010 Target," Reuters, 2 March 2005; Michael Hogan, "German Biofuel Firms to Become Large Grain Buyers," Reuters, 18 March 2005; Peter Apps, "South Africa Maize Farmers See Ethanol Plant In 18 Months," Reuters, 15 March 2005; "Use of Ethanol Fuel for Cars," Energy Saving Now website, viewed 26 June 2005, http://energysavingnow.com/biomass/carsbiofuel.shtml. |
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World Ethanol and Biodiesel Production, 1980-2004 |
Year |
Ethanol |
Biodiesel |
|
Million Gallons |
|
|
|
1980 |
1,154 |
|
1981 |
1,315 |
|
1982 |
1,889 |
|
1983 |
2,452 |
|
1984 |
3,403 |
|
1985 |
3,732 |
|
1986 |
3,485 |
|
1987 |
3,857 |
|
1988 |
3,937 |
|
1989 |
4,013 |
|
1990 |
4,013 |
|
1991 |
4,319 |
3 |
1992 |
4,187 |
23 |
1993 |
4,187 |
38 |
1994 |
4,446 |
75 |
1995 |
4,764 |
106 |
1996 |
4,964 |
143 |
1997 |
5,432 |
145 |
1998 |
5,085 |
143 |
1999 |
4,977 |
180 |
2000 |
4,644 |
251 |
2001 |
5,055 |
325 |
2002 |
6,368 |
397 |
2003 |
7,594 |
467 |
2004 |
8,627 |
n.a. |
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| Conversion: 1 gallon = 3.785 liters |
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| Source: International Energy Agency, cited in Molly Aeck "Biofuel Use Growing Rapidly," Vital Signs 2005 (Washington, DC: Worldwatch Institute, 2005), pp. 38-39. |
Ethanol Production in Brazil and the United States, 1982-2004 |
Year |
United States |
Brazil |
|
Million Gallons |
|
|
|
1982 |
350 |
977 |
1983 |
375 |
1,374 |
1984 |
430 |
1,744 |
1985 |
610 |
2,113 |
1986 |
710 |
2,800 |
1987 |
830 |
2,827 |
1988 |
845 |
3,104 |
1989 |
870 |
3,329 |
1990 |
900 |
3,042 |
1991 |
950 |
3,359 |
1992 |
1,100 |
3,090 |
1993 |
1,200 |
2,981 |
1994 |
1,350 |
3,354 |
1995 |
1,400 |
3,324 |
1996 |
1,100 |
3,799 |
1997 |
1,300 |
4,070 |
1998 |
1,400 |
3,675 |
1999 |
1,470 |
3,435 |
2000 |
1,630 |
2,798 |
2001 |
1,770 |
3,047 |
2002 |
2,130 |
3,335 |
2003 |
2,810 |
3,912 |
2004 |
3,410 |
3,989 |
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| Note: Data for Brazil from 1982-1989 are for ethanol consumption, which should closely reflect production as exports were low in this period. |
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| Conversion: 1 gallon = 3.785 liters |
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| Source: Compiled by Earth Policy Institute from U.S. Energy Information Administration, cited in Renewable Fuels Association, Homegrown for the Homeland: Ethanol Industry Outlook 2005, Washington, DC: 2005, pp. 2, 14-15; São Paulo Sugarcane Agroindustry Union (Unica), "All Ethanol Production 2001-2004" and "Total Ethanol Production - Brazil - 1990/2002," Unica statistics webpage, viewed 27 June 2005, www.unica.com.br/i_pages/estatisticas/prod_alcooltotal_br.htm and www.unica.com.br/i_pages/estatisticas/prod_alcooltotal_br_resumo.htm; Plinio M. Nastari, "Brazil's Strategy of Globalization for Fuel Ethanol," presentation at the American Council On Renewable Energy's Second Annual Conference, Renewable Energy in America: Building a National Strategy on State Local Successes, Washington, DC, 9 July 2003, slide 3. |
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